Clinically significant symptoms of insomnia, anxiety, and depression that effect how individuals function during the day are very common in teenagers, and the first sign of these problems usually arise from ages 14 to 16. Such symptoms can easily result in the development of insomnia, anxiety, and depressive disorders, and can also lead to suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and substance abuse disorders in teenagers.
Learn more about teens and mental health.
In fact, the risk for alcohol and illicit drug abuse increases when teenagers have insomnia along with anxiety and/or depression. Being a night owl (that is, a preference to sleep and wake later than usual, as opposed to an early riser) is considered a risk-factor for insomnia, anxiety, and depression. For these reasons, along with the fact that the risk for developing insomnia, anxiety, and depression disorders increases after puberty, it is important to understand the relationship between insomnia, depression, anxiety, and being a night owl for the purposes of prevention and treatment efforts.
My colleagues, Rachel Roberts and Jodie Harris, and I have had a study published in Sleep Medicine that investigates whether insomnia is related to different types (subtypes) of anxiety and depression when other risk-factors are held constant, and whether being a night owl predicts insomnia, subtypes of anxiety, and depression when other risk-factors are held constant. In general, we found that insomnia is related to depression and some anxiety subtypes, but not others, and that being a night owl predicts insomnia and some mental health problems, but not others.
Asking High School Students About Their Sleeping Habits and Mental Health
Three-hundred and eighteen teenagers aged 12 to 18 were recruited from eight South Australian high schools in both metropolitan and rural areas. Insomnia was assessed by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), an 8-item scale that is based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria of primary insomnia. Anxiety subtypes and depression were assessed via the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), a 48-item scale that is based on the DSM-IV diagnoses of major depressive disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), panic disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), separation anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Being a night owl or early riser was assessed via the Morningness-Eveningness Scale (MES), a 10-item scale that assesses whether children and teenagers are most active and hence prefer to sleep and wake earlier or later during the 24-hour day-night cycle. Demographic information, along with past diagnoses and treatment were also assessed.
What Insomnia and Being a ‘Night Owl’ Could Mean for Anxiety and Depression in Teens
The results showed that insomnia was associated with depression after anxiety symptoms, being a night owl or early riser, and age were held constant (controlled). Insomnia was also associated with GAD and panic disorder once depression, being a night owl or early riser, and age were controlled, although the relationship with panic disorder was small. Insomnia was associated with all other anxiety subtypes before, but not after depression was held constant. Being a night owl predicted insomnia once depression, anxiety, and age were controlled, and also depression once insomnia, anxiety, and age were controlled. However, the predictive effect of being a night owl on depression decreased a lot once insomnia was controlled. Panic disorder, OCD, separation anxiety disorder, and social phobia were associated with being a night owl before, but not after insomnia was held constant.
How Insomnia Affects Daily Life
Teens with symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder that are severe enough to affect everyday life are likely to also have significant insomnia and depressive symptoms at the same time. Therefore, those who feel anxious for the majority of the day for no apparent reason, and think this anxious feeling is having a negative impact on their life, should consider if they are also struggling to fall or stay asleep most days of the week, and/or consistently have a very low mood. Should this be the case, then treatment for insomnia and/or depressive symptoms could help alleviate GAD symptoms, and vice-versa.
The results suggest that insomnia is associated with other anxiety disorders through a common factor: depression. That is, if depression is eliminated from the equation, then insomnia is no longer associated with subtypes of anxiety other than GAD. Therefore, should depression be treated, then symptoms of anxiety subtypes and/or insomnia may also be alleviated. Also, considering that insomnia was associated with depression, treating insomnia may alleviate depression, which in turn may also alleviate symptoms of anxiety subtypes.
Furthermore, teens who prefer to sleep and wake later are at risk for having insomnia and depression at the same time. Indeed, being a night owl seems to be related to anxiety subtypes (except Generalized Anxiety Disorder) through depression, and the predictive effects of being a night owl on depression was almost entirely the result of insomnia. Therefore, considering risk-factors of insomnia, such as being a night owl, may help alleviate symptoms of depression and GAD, and in turn help treat symptoms of other anxiety disorders. Therefore, insomnia seems to be important for the treatment of all anxiety subtypes, whether it be through a direct association, an indirect association through depression, or the consideration of certain risk-factors, such as being a night owl.
Potential Cures for Insomnia
If a teenager or his/her parents or friends think that he/she may have an anxiety disorder, they should strongly advise the teen to see a general practitioner, school counselor, psychologist, or psychiatrist. In the meantime, there are other things that can be done that help alleviate insomnia and depression, and in turn may help treat symptoms of anxiety disorders.
- Do not use mobile phones, tablets, laptops, or other forms of technology with bright lights while in bed at night.
- Stay away from bright lights for at least 30 minutes before bedtime.
- Do not engage in activities that make you think (e.g., homework or video games) for at least 30 minutes before bedtime or while in bed at night.
- Do relaxing things at least 30 minutes before bedtime.
- Exercise regularly at least three hours before bedtime.
- Expose yourself to bright light early in the morning and afternoon. For example, go outside during recess and lunch rather than play video games inside.
- Have an area for study that is separate from where you sleep.
- Take time to enjoy yourself and be a teenager!
Pasquale Alvaro is a Ph.D. student from the School of Psychology at the University of Adelaide in South Australia. He has won various awards and grants since beginning his PhD in 2011, such as the Australian Postgraduate Award, Publication Incentive Award, Australasian Sleep Association Travel Grant, and the Travel Abroad Scholarship from the University of Adelaide. Pasquale specializes in the bidirectionality of the association between insomnia, depression and anxiety in adolescents. For example, bidirectionality refers to whether insomnia is related to the development of anxiety, and anxiety is related to the development of insomnia. Throughout his thesis and publication, Pasquale has argued for and demonstrated the need to consider sleep problems in the prevention and treatment efforts for depression and anxiety.
